Questions
According
to Al-Ghazali, the moral decay happens when there is an inverse relationship
between prosperity and moral decline. Elaborate on this statement.
Introduction
The world is changed, the period is
faster. Eventually, we are easier to forget our good identity along our life.
Nowadays, our environment had many changes to develop likes the others development
countries. Malaysia is the one of changed country became more exposed with the
level social in society especially teenagers. Undeniably, we are accepting the
positive change through economics, buildings, industries, investments,
agricultures and so forth. In fact, the issues that are aroused by people about
moral decay whether old or young. Many parties include government, non-government
or individuals tried to control and handle this problem which grows like
mushroom. They gave suggestion, argument, programs and activities to lease
social problems. But, it is bigger than our expectation. The negative behavior is not proper as a
symbol of the weaker society.
Therefore, I would like to highlight Muslim teenagers because they are
foundation for our nation and Muslim reflected Islam as a formal religion for
Malaysia. We as a leading religion not only in this country but also in this
universe should practice good moral and values in our life because we are the
Khairu Ummah (the best Ummah) in this universe. Allah said in Quran (3:110), ‘You
are the best of the nations raised up for (the benefit of) men;...’
It should be stand with the great
principles and moral values related humanism and religion. Indeed, it based on
Quran and Sunnah. The Prophet Muhammad is a good role model for us through His
good character. He said that He is sent by God to accomplish the good moral.
Definition
In Oxford student`s dictionary, “Moral” as a
adjectives means concerned with what is right and wrong and having a high
standard of behavior that is considered good and right by most people. In
others meaning as a noun, it refers to standards of good behavior and a lesson
in the right way to behave that can be learnt from a story or an experience.
While the
others gave meaning moral as a noun
as the quality or state of being morally sound good, goodness, probity, rectitude, righteousness, rightness, uprightness, virtue, virtuousness and also the moral quality of a
course of action: ethic (used in plural), ethicality, ethicalness, propriety, righteousness, rightfulness, rightness. A rule or habit of conduct with
regard to right and wrong or a body of such rules and habits: ethic, ethicality, moral (used in plural). See
right/wrong.[1] The others standard college dictionaries carries
out the word ‘moral’ is “pertaining to or concerned with right conduct or the
distinction between right or wrong”.[2]
Actually, the word “morality” is always used to determine
behavior`s people which is supposing to principles concerning what is good and
bad or right and wrong behaviour.[3]
“Morality” can be
classified as a noun, plural as moralities. It can be defined the
quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct, a system of
ideas of right and wrong conduct: religious morality; Christian morality, virtuous
conduct and a rule or lesson in moral conduct.[4]
Morality
(from the Latin
moralitas
"manner, character, proper behavior") is the differentiation among
intentions, decisions, and actions
between those that are good (or right) and bad (or wrong). A moral code is a system of morality
(for example, according to a particular philosophy,
religion,
culture,
etc.) and a moral is any one
practice or teaching within a moral code. The adjective
moral is synonymous with
"good" or "right." Immorality
is the active opposition to morality whether good or right, while amorality is variously defined as an
unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in any set of moral standards
or principles.[5]
If
we relate morality to ethical issues,
which means principles of right and wrong conduct as well as instances of real
behaviour and the manner in which individuals, comply more or less fully with
such standards. Based on the Latin mor is a ‘manner, custom’. It covers
all kinds of human actions, although it is often associated specifically with
virtue in sexual conduct. To encourage moral conduct, early theological representations
of sin and evil highlighted the body's capacity for suffering. In the medieval
and early modern ages, morality referred to a religious framework; through diet
and bodily maintenance, the individual was expected to defend himself against
the temptation of the flesh.[6]
Although the morality of people and their ethics amount to the same thing, there is
a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of Kant, based on notions such as duty,
obligation, and principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the more Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning,
based on the notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the separation of
‘moral’ considerations from other practical considerations. The scholarly
issues are complex, with some writers seeing Kant as more Aristotelian, and
Aristotle as more involved with a separate sphere of responsibility and duty,
than the simple contrast suggests.[7]
Ethics are also known as moral philosophy is that branch of philosophy
which addresses questions about morality. The word 'ethics' is "commonly
used interchangeably with 'morality' to mean the subject matter of this study;
and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a
particular tradition, group, or individual." Likewise, certain types of
ethical theories, especially deontological
ethics, sometimes distinguish between 'ethics' and 'morals': "Although
the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the same thing, there is a
usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of Kant, based on notions
such as duty, obligation, and principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the more
Aristotelian approach to practical reasoning, based on the notion of a virtue,
and generally avoiding the separation of 'moral' considerations from other
practical considerations."[8]
The
differences between moral and ethics is moral which is a system of evaluating human
in outward and inward. Ethics is a system which is
evaluating the actions of human appearance only. On the
other hands,
morals includes thoughts, feelings and
intentions through human relationship with God, man and
man and man and other creatures while ethic
accounts thinking, feeling and intention with man only.
Furthermore, moral values are determined by
Allah through the Quran and the Prophet's guidance, but
ethic is determined by human. Lastly,
moral values are absolute, perfect and regular,
while ethics are relative, subjective and temporary.
Decay as a verb means to (cause to)
become rotten or ruined. As a noun, the act or process of decaying tooth decay; in a state of decay.[9] In another meaning, decay is used as a
verb refers to become bad or be slowly destroyed and become weaker or less
powerful. While in noun, it is the process or state being slowly destroyed.[10]
In journal entitled ‘Is There a Moral
Decay’, the writers are Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough. Both of them
said, ‘Before we can determine whether there is a moral decay we have to ask
what is right conduct, what is meant by right and wrong, and what determines
whether a person is righteous, just, virtuous, and good. This is an impossible
task, one that the editors of the dictionary avoided by defining everything in
general terms. When someone says that there is moral decay, it might be clear
to that person what he or she means, but it is not necessarily clear to anyone
else. For example, the changing level of tolerance and acceptance of
homosexuality might be one person's definition of moral decay and be
interpreted by another person as an important moral step forward.’ Overall, moral decay covers all negative behaviors that are not to bring support and gain the strength of the economic structure of the system and practiced in a community or country.
According to Russell Kirk in Wikipedia website,
moral decay can be defined as the loss of an aim or object in life such as life
values or moral values. From this definition we can simplified that moral decay
is a decline of moral values.
Prosper is root word from properity as a
verb means to develop in a successful way especially with money. So, prosperity
as a noun defines as the state of being successful.[11] In other dictionary, prosperity
is success, riches, plenty, ease, fortune, wealth, boom, luxury, well-being, good times, good fortune, the good life, affluence, top dollar (informal), life of luxury, life
of Riley (informal),
prosperousness
a life of peace and prosperity. Opposite is poverty, want, failure, depression, shortage, misfortune, adversity, destitution, indigence.[12]
Based on According to Al-Ghazali this moral decay
happens when there is an inverse relationship between prosperity and moral
decline. Hedonistic worldview and lifestyle had poisoned us. From
that statement we can say that moral decay or moral incline happens when
wealth, physical and emotional satisfaction and pleasures become as the
fundamental goals in our lives.
Views
of scholars
We heard many opinions and
perceptions by people especially the scholars.
Among the popular ones, Imam al-Ghazali said that ‘The moral decay happens
when there is an inverse relationship between prosperity and moral decline.’
While Aristotle is also
well-known by people as a great philosophy, gave his opinion that ‘Moral
excellence comes about as a result of habit. We become just by doing just acts,
temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts.’ He added, ‘The
moral virtues, then, are produced in us neither by nature nor against nature.
Nature, indeed, prepares in us the ground for their reception, but their
complete formation is the product of habit.’
Moreover, the others scholars stressed
“Moral Conflicts” are passionate and difficult to resolve. Responses that is
normally effective, such as explaining, persuading, and compromising, can make
matters worse and drive people further apart in such conflicts. Moral conflicts
occur when incommensurate social realities come to clash. In an original
synthesis of communication theory and their own research, W. Barnett Pearce and
Stephen W. Littlejohn describe a dialectical tension between the expression and
suppression of conflict that can be transcended in ways that lead to personal
growth and productive patterns of social action.
Besides that,
Henry
Brooks Adams views on ‘Morality
is a private and costly luxury’.
‘The only immorality is not to do what one has to do when one has to do it.’ refers to Jean Anouilh. Isaac Asimov is unexceptual to give his opinion about that. ‘Never let your sense of morals get in the way of doing what's right.’ The last one is according Sir Alfred Jules Ayer, ‘While moral rules may be propounded by authority the fact that these were so propounded would not validate them.’ So, we are more understanding and knowing the right views for our guide lines in life.
‘The only immorality is not to do what one has to do when one has to do it.’ refers to Jean Anouilh. Isaac Asimov is unexceptual to give his opinion about that. ‘Never let your sense of morals get in the way of doing what's right.’ The last one is according Sir Alfred Jules Ayer, ‘While moral rules may be propounded by authority the fact that these were so propounded would not validate them.’ So, we are more understanding and knowing the right views for our guide lines in life.
The
factors of moral decay
There are development in technology
field and intellectual. The moral decay among Malay teenagers, increase sociall
problems and slippage of religion values which led to apostate represents the
moral decline (Nasharudin Mat Isa, 2002).
According to Aminuddin Ruskam, he
recognizes two factors that bring to big impact in moral decay among Muslim
societies. The first factor is external factor clearly involves social
environment likes influence of media Massa in disseminating culture of
glamorous life, entertainment culture, materialistic values.
In general, the development through information and
communication of technology (ICT) carried service facility for an international
network (internet) from the aspect information, download and portals freely.
This situation caused people have individualistic attitude. They prefer to use
their time by surfing internet rather than socialized with others. So, it gave
us more challenges to foster the great moral in this era.
The second factor is internal factor. It involves
confusion of mind, religious fragility among society especially the youth and
negative attitude towards communication networks. It refers to lack of
resilient of mind and religion to reject the elements of east culture. So, we
must gain our knowledge with Islamic education and we practice it. It should be
our strength and guidance in overcoming our obstacles. If we lost knowledge and
the basic guidance spiritual, we are exposing with two factors simply. First,
exposure to the Western mindset continuously. Second, lack of
effectiveness approachment used in moral education and religion in
fostering the values of
spirituality.
From my opinion, there are four
factors. The first that I would like to raise is related to ourselves. That`s
mean all our behaviour and actions will start from us. We have lust in
ourselves. Lust is a gift of Allah to fulfill our desires. But, it always encourages
us to do bad things. If we follow our bad desires, we are easier to loss our
dignity, religious
and cultural values of
society and
lead to evil, as happens
in today's society.
So, we must control it and
defend with positive guidance and support from the others people. As a weaker
human, we suppose to depend on Allah and concern our relationship with Allah
and also human.
The second factor is involving
people surrounding us. Our relationship is almost to parents, siblings,
relatives, friends and societies. Individuals live in a family who is not
practice the great lifestyle and the good moral, it grows to the bad behaviour,
spoken word and had a bad lifestyle. Besides that, the influence of peers and
society are also so worrying us because it is many design our character, moral
behaviour and how to act. Usually, we see that school students are always
loitering with their friends in midnight.
The next point refers to our
environment. If we grow up in town, we can see the moral decay happens rapidly
besides us unconsciously. Many places that we can attend for our demands likes
disco, pub, cinemas unlimited and no obstruction. Moreover, culture of society
that tends toward liberalism and love entertainment such as rock, rap and so
on. Initially, the presence of advanced technology through mass media such as
newspaper, magazines, and electronic tools likes television, radio, astro, and
communication tools as handphone, internet became the worst impact in the
formation of a character through scenes of violent and sexual naturally which
is could destroy our lives.
Last but not least, another unseen,
main enemy who always accompany us with exploiting our lust. Devil works as an
destructive agent to destroy us and very annonying since Prophet Adam continued
until the Day of Judgement. In short, every people must to be a good person and
prepare ourselves to face trials and challenges throughout the life.
The
levels of moral
According to Imam
al-Ghazali, ‘Morals are inherent in the nature of the soul
that makes it easy
to act without much consideration’. Hence, Abul a`la al-Maududi divided the levels
of moral into four levels which are Faith (Iman), Islam,
Piety (Takwa) and Compassionate (Ehsan). All levels
arranged smoothly. So, the second level will result after the first level.
Faith is the foundation
of life. It is a declaration
of faith and the
brochure. When both
of it is accepted, then it is will be perfect conditions to qualify as a Muslim. The question is whether such declaration is
sufficient to form the basis for
building the Islamic life? Or how faith strenghtens us? Islam is a perfect life
can only be built when the faith was
really holistic and great. Shortly, Muslim
life would not be perfect without the support of confession (declaration) a holistic faith.
Islam is
the second building of Islamic morality. And its relationship to
faith is like the seed of a tree; in
which the tree is in accordance
with what is in the seeds. Any
deficiency in the seed will form an impact on
trees growing. In fact, the tree will not grow if
not planted
or planted in the dry land and not fertile. The same applies to faith. When we have faith, then surely it will be apparent in all actions of human behavior. If we found deficiencies or defects (Islam forbidden) at any our step we took it, there are something wrong with faith. Even if there is, it is only faith is dim. In Quran, Allah explained how intimates the relationship between faith (belief) and Islam (charity). In fact, even He has promise that the reward to His servants really believe on God and doing the good deeds. As long as the submission one is still not perfect, and his effort on the non-fee-Sabilillah, we know that his faith is weak and relatively impossible to build a righteous and compassionate, even when trying to deceive the some behavior or dress.
or planted in the dry land and not fertile. The same applies to faith. When we have faith, then surely it will be apparent in all actions of human behavior. If we found deficiencies or defects (Islam forbidden) at any our step we took it, there are something wrong with faith. Even if there is, it is only faith is dim. In Quran, Allah explained how intimates the relationship between faith (belief) and Islam (charity). In fact, even He has promise that the reward to His servants really believe on God and doing the good deeds. As long as the submission one is still not perfect, and his effort on the non-fee-Sabilillah, we know that his faith is weak and relatively impossible to build a righteous and compassionate, even when trying to deceive the some behavior or dress.
Piety
is a feeling that comes fear and obedient towards Allah that is highlighted
in every human action. His heart was constantly surrounded by the fear of God and submits to Him. He realized that life is a test from Him. When life is based on these feelings, the religious value will become apparent and his heart will always be jerks everytimes.
in every human action. His heart was constantly surrounded by the fear of God and submits to Him. He realized that life is a test from Him. When life is based on these feelings, the religious value will become apparent and his heart will always be jerks everytimes.
If
any person make any contradicts with the will of God, he will account himself
to regret and repent from wrong doings. He is not only does it, but he always remains
himself be alert in all behaviours and all doubtful things clear let alone
illegal. He will always
force
himself to perform the command and the duty of God with full consent. Even the soul is always overshadowed by extreme fear of Allah as to make the legs seem to tremble for fear that
contradict the syariah limits. Imagine a life form that will be produced when all these values dominate our lives. Unlike the duty on some people are only considered as a specific treatment
sometimes quite far-fetched at the same time in their lives, how think, work and their commitment does not match the claims of faith.
himself to perform the command and the duty of God with full consent. Even the soul is always overshadowed by extreme fear of Allah as to make the legs seem to tremble for fear that
contradict the syariah limits. Imagine a life form that will be produced when all these values dominate our lives. Unlike the duty on some people are only considered as a specific treatment
sometimes quite far-fetched at the same time in their lives, how think, work and their commitment does not match the claims of faith.
In a compassionate is the
highest form
of Islam. It is
a condition that makes a
full surrender his
life to Islam,
his keep in touch with
God, his love
is deep to
the messenger
shrouded soul feel honest and always want to sacrifice. If fear of birth and the fear of God becoming a human driver for always away in him. The courtesy was born out of love for Him
so as to get him to always hunt Allah willing.
shrouded soul feel honest and always want to sacrifice. If fear of birth and the fear of God becoming a human driver for always away in him. The courtesy was born out of love for Him
so as to get him to always hunt Allah willing.
As a
civil servant, she must
carry out her responsibilities
vigorously. She
is also compliant with all service policies outlined by
the government. In short,
she was under schema standards. Another
example, as a civil servant, he is not only working hard. But, he will implement his responsible or comply with all policies services outlined by the government. He is also a trust and honest person with
his employer. His brain is always spinning, thinking
of ways how to improve
performance services. His
soul will not be quiet when he see there is something that threatens employer's safety. Automatically,
he will be a voluntere person to do anything even with blood and his life. His dream only
to show his excellence to the employer. In conclusion, he wanted to do
something beyond what is outlined by schema standards.
Two situations above are much related with us. It indicates how an employee
with an employer. It seems as a servant with his Creature. As a Muslim, we must
aply all levels above without exception.
The
roles of the individual, parents, society and government
Nowadays,
the moral decay is too worried by
people. An individual
is the one of important person to play a role in avoiding
trapped by moral problem. We must strengthen the
values of faith and belief in the soul. Controlling
the senses of seeing and hearing things
that raise or strengthen the lust and desires that the
root of all evil and depraved nature. Then, clean our heart
through learning the description or explanation of al-Quran and
Hadith and also interpretation by scholars of exemplary character.
Next, train ourselves familiarized with the good
things as religious form of prayer, fasting and stay
away from evil and shameful deeds. Unforgetten, make
friends and neighbors who are noble as a
friend or neighbor to influence us. Furthermore, learning
about the life of the Prophet, his
companions, scholars or Auliya and make their
lives as role models in our lives. In
all our actions must always follow and use common
sense and not according to our desires lust. Importantly, we
must pray and ask for Allah's help so equipped ourselves
with morals and protection of the things that are
not aimed.
The family institution is
important to help
prevent young
people from
falling into the trap
social ills. In family, there are two people who are the most important person, father and mother or simply known as parent. So, parents should stress about religion. The existence of a strong religious, the youth will not simply fall to the bad matters. In this case, the role of parents is very crucial, especially as a model to their children. Busy is no excuse as a barrier to the case of parental care their children.
social ills. In family, there are two people who are the most important person, father and mother or simply known as parent. So, parents should stress about religion. The existence of a strong religious, the youth will not simply fall to the bad matters. In this case, the role of parents is very crucial, especially as a model to their children. Busy is no excuse as a barrier to the case of parental care their children.
The
most important
role of parents
is knowing and practising
quality time to gather with their
children. Parents should
have time to communicate
and concern
about their
children. In addition,
parents must befriend to
them. By
this way, the
children will be more
believe on parents and make them as a reference when dealing with the problem. When children talk about their problems, parents should focus and listen carefully. Do not continue to speculate is not good or even to punish. Give their time to discuss and find the best solution.
Parents are also encouraged to plan activities with their children and family members.
For example, in the month of Ramadan, as far as possible all family members gather for
breaking their fast together or going to the mosque to pray Tarawih.
believe on parents and make them as a reference when dealing with the problem. When children talk about their problems, parents should focus and listen carefully. Do not continue to speculate is not good or even to punish. Give their time to discuss and find the best solution.
Parents are also encouraged to plan activities with their children and family members.
For example, in the month of Ramadan, as far as possible all family members gather for
breaking their fast together or going to the mosque to pray Tarawih.
The parents also
need to constantly
monitor the situation of
children, cannot 'just
take for granted'. They
cannot leave
their children alone. Children
need to be guided.
In addition, parents need
to know the
kids friend
their teens.
If necessary, occasionally ask that
the children
brought friends
them to the
house to be ascertained with whom our children are
friends. Parents need to be
always pray
that their children safe from the things that
are not desired.
Those parents should be aware that prayer is very important to well-being of kids.
Those parents should be aware that prayer is very important to well-being of kids.
Indeed, the
task of
the society towards moral likes faith, thought
and worship.
Dr. Yusuf al-Qardawi
classified task
or role to three
things, namely Taujih
(direct), Tatshit (strengthening), and
Himaayah (preservation). Taujih or
direct can be done
with the dissemination
of leaflets,
propaganda in various mass media, supplies, preach (da'wah)
and guiding the straight path
(irsyad).
Tatshit (strengthening) was done in a very long time education, with the root of training (Tarbiyah) and deeper in the home, schools and
universities. While Himaayah can be implement by two ways.
Firstly, the operation of an active public
opinion, with asking the right things and forbidding the wrong things,
and hate the damage and refused deviations. Secondly, the law or the laws that
prohibit damage prior to the occurrence and grant sanction after the occurrence. It is to intimidate (tarhib) who want to deviate and to educate people to damage and clean the congregational climate of moral problems. With these three things, namely taujih, tatsbit and himaayah the Islamic
moral will grow, grow and walk in
the social life like water flows containing nutrients in the
trunk of the tree up to the leaves.
Government should
focus film processes. Most
of the ads,
drama and stories showing a
negative action and gave negative impact for television
viewers. We can not
fail to notice the show on
television for fear of
its effects, such as sexual orientation picture. In
addition, the government
should impose penalties and
hard on the people
who do offense against decency. Besides that, does not give
license to the
operators that are not
healthy places such
as discos,
brothels and
so on. They must also be
alert to illegal operators. Provision
of immigration
to stringent
examination
when symptoms are
not well
brought from outside and
within countries, such as drugs
and others to avoid this symptom easily spread among the
people of Malaysia. So, they
should have warned us so hard and plays important role to settle down the moral
decay.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, Islam is
a comprehensive concept of morality. It straightened relationship between man
to another man, the relationship between humans with God, Allah, man's
relationship to the environment and yourself. The procedure is explained in
detail the relationship of faith in the discipline, courtesy or moral laws in
specific words. Islamic Morals and implementation obidien (ubudiyyah) towards
appreciate the faith of God according to the proper way.
Islamic
Morals also contained the provisions of the law. Islamic law refers to reward
system and punishment. A moral of Islam itself is a detailed and disciplined
over moral ideas in other religions. It is only commitment and appreciation of
the value and the only underlies the problems of Muslims today. High character
of the ummah will always be in bawahkeredhaan and protection of God.
Development of a moral community bergantungkepada for establishment of
individual countries yangtinggi the character will lead to peace and blessings
of Allah SWT sentiasadibawah.
What should and what should not be done by a person. Moral also build
and nurture the human spirit, creating and directing the behavior of
individuals towards the good. Through the good character, we can avoid us from
the internal and external crises values such as the collapse of the household
and society and morality remajayang backward. The collapse of morality will
fail an effort to change a community, but if the great character that we can
maintain the position of a community. The importance of moral positions in the
association of human life is to live well together in this world and hereafter.
We have to be realistic about this. We have more
than a million people in the state and there are certainly some bad apples, or
if you like, black sheep.
Related to our Muslim teenagers around us, they are not only dressed in improper attire but they also behave in rude ways. Culture and religion are nothing and excluded from their diaries as a good Muslim. They think freedom and happiness must be their first desires. Unproperly, we put Islam only as a religion but, not as our obedient in religion. It is totally shameless. It is including the way we behave in our daily life. As Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. said,
Related to our Muslim teenagers around us, they are not only dressed in improper attire but they also behave in rude ways. Culture and religion are nothing and excluded from their diaries as a good Muslim. They think freedom and happiness must be their first desires. Unproperly, we put Islam only as a religion but, not as our obedient in religion. It is totally shameless. It is including the way we behave in our daily life. As Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. said,
'This Deen
or way of life is easy'; 'Make it easy, don't make it difficult; 'Let people
rejoice in being Muslims and not run away from it'.
I hope that our future generation will have some form of insulation
against corrupt practices, mismanagement and fraud. With sound knowledge of
Islam, I hope the next generation will be more civilised, progressive and
morally sound. It’s not going to be easy as there are detractors. I am serious
about checking moral decay and transforming the people into a progressive
workforce.
References
1) Aswati Binti Hamzah (2007), Tesis: Satu
Kajian Skema Taakulan Akhlak dalam kalangan Pelajar Melayu, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
2) Abul a`la al-Maududi , Book: Asas Akhlak
bagi Harakah Islamiah, p. 7-10.
3) Haroun Yahya, Book: Moral Values of the
Qur`an, Egypt, Dar Al-Kalimah.
4) Dr. Muhammad Fathi Syanithi (1970),
Book: Ussusisa Metafizikal Akhlak, Lubnan, Dar an-Nahdhoh `Arabiyyah.
5) Pearce, W. Barnett and Stephen W. Littlejohn. Moral
Conflict: When Social Worlds Collide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications, April 1997.
6)
American heritage dictionary
7)
Hadith.
8)
Oxford componian to body
9)
Oxford student`s dictionary for
learners using English to study other subjects
10) Quran.
12) http://www.ISU KERUNTUHAN AKHLAK DAN MORAL DI KALANGAN
REMAJA (SAMSENG JALANAN, BULI, SEKS BEBAS).htm on 3 November 2011
[2]
American College Dictionary (New York: Random House, 1962), p. 790.
[3]
Oxford student`s
dictionary for learners using English to study other subjects, p. 459.
[5]Wikepedia:
1)Johnstone, Megan-Jane (2008). Bioethics: A Nursing
Perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0729538732.
2)Superson, Anita (2009). The Moral Skeptic. Oxford
University Press. pp. 127–159. ISBN 978-0195376623.
3)"Amorality". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/amorality. Retrieved 2010-06-18. "having no moral
standards, restraints, or principles; unaware of or indifferent to questions of
right or wrong"
4)"amoral". Wiktionary. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amoral#Adjective. Retrieved 2010-09-09. "(of people) not believing
in or caring for morality and immorality"
[8] Oxford Dictionary of philosophy, 2008, p240.
[9] Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
(2006-2010).
[12] Collins Thesaurus
of the English Language, Complete and Unabridged 2nd
Edition. (2002) © HarperCollins Publishers (1995).
